The Portrayal Of Female Characters In Films

The Portrayal Of Female Characters In Films Movies have for quite some time been utilized as a device to depict human minds and thoughts that are once in a while esteemed unthinkable as a general rule. The characters in films have had an enormous effect, with respect to sexual orientation generalization, on crowds all things considered (Neuendorf et. al., 2010). In spite of the fact that there have been discussions of how female characters are being depicted in films, from being accommodating to hyper-sexualised and of late, receiving increasingly prevailing jobs in films, has there truly been an adjustment in male characters in films rather (Gilpatric, 2010)? Have male characters in films embrace female attributes like how the female characters have received masculine characteristics? This paper investigates how the depictions of male characters in films have changed or are changing and how they influence sexual orientation development. The women's activist development has continually battled for womens right and balance in order to put ladies on equivalent remaining to men in the general public. This transformation has since been deciphered onto the cinemas as movies delineate ladies assuming conspicuous and predominant jobs in films (Gilpatric, 2010; Neundorf et. al., 2010) which is an unmistakable difference to the past when ladies played an agreeable and compliant jobs to the male character. Moreover, films reflect the changing idea of our general public, anticipating that men should carry on in agreement to cultural desires deconstructing the male generalization. In this way, the expanding pattern in films moving endlessly from depicting men as having the conventional manly characteristic, reproducing it to more what named today as the New Age Men (NAM) has been a consequence of the expanding unmistakable quality and predominance of females in films and the advancing idea of the general public. The NAM is along these lines seen as a combination of having both the conventional attributes of guys and females, grasping both manly and ladylike characteristics. Here, manliness is characterized as having the size, physical quality, dismissal to power and the utilization of physical power (Eschholz and Bufkin, 2001). Alongside those manly characteristics, the NAM are additionally expected to have attributes like mindful and having the option to deal with housework. The introduction of the NAM has been vigorously ascribed to the ascent of females in films and the changing idea of the general public. Men today feel there is a need to separate themselves from females in movies to attest their predominance in the business and to reintegrate into the general public, deconstructing the male generalization. Female Characters in Films Today. Male characters in films are moving ceaselessly from having manly attributes because of the ascent of female noticeable quality and predominance in the jobs they play by receiving those manly characteristics. Female characters like Lara Croft and Kill Bill features the point that attributes like agreeable and compliant are done being related with female character. The throwing of the Bond young lady character is as similarly significant, getting the same amount of consideration as the throwing of James Bond himself, and however a Bond film may come up short on the imaginative device, never has there been a Bond film without a Bond young lady (Neuendorf et. al., 2010). This highlights the womens jobs are similarly imperative to the Bond character. Men, who relate near Bond who as a rule depict manly characteristics, see this as a test to their manliness as the Bond character is reliant on the female character. The absence of creative devices likewise depicts an emergency in manliness since men view these advancements as macho (Neuendorf et. al., 2010). This is additionally enhanced with female characters playing fundamental characters in films being made with unpredictable and exciting characters comparative with male characters who are fairly one-dimensional and are of minor intrigue (Russell-Watts, 2010). Ladies are additionally chosen to assume jobs recently played and considered appropriate for men. Despite the fact that Lara Croft and Kill Bill props to mind, the Hamlet by William Shakespeare is another model. In spite of Hamlet being a male character, ladies have been showing their enthusiasm to assume the job and there has been an expanding pattern of ladies getting chose to embody Hamlet (Howard, 2007). In addition, the Hamlet is referred to be engaged with savagery as depicted by the character Alexandra Tranda, who matches the happenings of Hamlet to the occasions occuring in her life and winds up executing her dad (Howard, 2007). Viciousness is characterized as any deliberate punishment of physical agony or mischief (Eschholz and Bufkin, 2001) and has a positive connection to manliness (Eschholz and Bufkin, 2001; Neuendorf et. al., 2010; Gilpatric, 2010) accordingly demonstrating an expansion in savagery compares to in an expansion in manliness. Men feel the possibility of a l adies village as undesirable and feel embarrassed for a lady to play the Hamlet job (Howard, 2007). This is a sign to men that ladies are testing their manliness and strength in the film business particularly in jobs created for men. The ascent of females in films embracing an increasingly manly nature and playing characters esteemed progressively appropriate for men came about men to feel tested in their manliness and has since prompted an emergency in it. Men feel there is a need to separate themselves from the female characters and affirm their manliness and predominance inside the general public, re-building the sex generalization to make the NAM. The Dynamic Nature of the Society. Movies sway crowds (Gilpatric, 2010) and may depict an impression of the general public. The dynamic idea of the general public depicted through movies has been a contributing variable to the deconstruction of the male sexual orientation generalization to shape the NAM. Comparative with the past, ladies today are commonly progressively instructed, empowering them to take up employments additionally held by men (Buchbinder, 2008). Quickened by the women's activist development, ladies today are similarly as likely as men to be casted to assume proficient jobs and employments like specialists and legal counselors (Gilpatric, 2010). There is an expansion of female characters holding significant jobs from 12% in 1960 to 32% in 1990 (Neuendorf et. al., 2010) and female characters in movies can be a genuine portrayal of their situation in the general public as 51% US laborers who hold lucrative administration and expert employments are ladies (Gilpatric, 2010). So also, most youngster today hopes to experience in any event three significant profession changes throughout his life (Buchbinder, 2008). Additionally, enhancements in the economy have empowered the two ladies and men to spend on extravagance things. Narcissistic worry with ones look and body, generally set apart as ladylike are being connected to men, making it harder to agree to the conventional manliness characteristic of a man (Buchbinder, 2008). There has additionally been a move in the depiction of men in films today. Previously, men have consistently embraced the focal figure yet jobs as of late played by people in films have been obscured as the hole among manliness and feminity. As per Breillat, There is no manly brain research in my film. They contain just what ladies feel and want. Thusly, men must make an effort not to perceive themselves in my male characters (Russell-Watts, 2010, p. 72). This shows men assume optional jobs to ladies in todays films limiting them to identify with the customary male manliness. Besides, men are likewise progressively depicted in films as the figure of the schlemiel. Schlemiel is a Yiddish word which implies a silly person㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦a social oddball (Buchbinder, 2008, p. 228) and can't meet the exhibition and attitudinal necessities of customary manliness (Buchbinder, 2008, p. 230). For example, Bond young ladies have been known to assume free and keen jobs in any event, outmaneuver ing Bond himself in the most recent Bond film. In spite of Bond films speaking to Bond as having a high and mighty persona (Neuendorf et. al., 2010), this spots Bond in the Schlemiel class of an absurd character making men see this as an emergency to their manliness. These components when consolidated has come about men to lose its manly qualities and confined them to adjust to the conventional manly characteristics deconstructing the customary male generalization and reproduce the NAM to assist them with absorbing go into society and be of an equivalent standing or higher to the ladies. Generalizations Still Prevails. Some may contend that regardless of the rising noticeable quality and predominance of ladies, the docile and compliant nature of womens depiction despite everything win while mens manliness are as yet restricted to the customary generalization. Ladies in films are still viewed as compliant and agreeable as the predominance applied depends on a maternal theme, making a generalization of moms or spouses to spare her kid or friends and family (Gilpatric, 2010). Besides, the cultural development of woman's rights is missing, as ladies in films today despite everything report to an increasingly prevailing male character (Neuendorf et. al., 2010), going about as a sidekick to a male character and engaging in a sentimental relationship with them (Gilpatric, 2010). Male characters however may have less manly attributes as depicted by Robert in the film Romance, his manliness is accentuated through his occupation, being the manager of the fundamental female character (Russell-Watts, 2010). Th is demonstrates notwithstanding being depicted as predominant character in films today, ladies despite everything fit in with the sexual orientation generalization of the conventional ladylike attributes of answering to an increasingly prevailing male character. Some may contend additionally that movies may not be a genuine impression of society consequently the depiction of men as less manly are false. Movies depict ladies as fruitful just when they are meager and appealing (Neuendorf et. al., 2010) when truth be told, achievement is made a decision about dependent on merit and not just looks. Expanding on, by displaying one man as less manly as the schlemiel figure, unobtrusively it gives a foil to other male characters to stick out, drawing out the manly attributes in the other male characters, (Buchbinder, 2008) demonstrating that male characters in films despite everything fit in with the male sex generalization of mascu

Freedom Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Opportunity - Article Example veloping sources is finding lawful modern ways and techniques to enlist counterspy as opposed to promising great impetus bundles with respect to the amount and nature of data given by automatic witnesses (Baumann 1). As the chief of FBI, there is need of observing and advancing trustworthiness of all law officials so as to control instances of extortion and to guarantee straightforwardness of all exercises inside the FBI unit to procure open trust and empower residents to encourage the FBI with data against crooks and psychological militant. Another technique is send covert officials to explore about hoodlums and this should be the best measure in thinking about their arranging exercises and making it simple in following them down. When creating witnesses, the best technique is do meetings, appraisals and preparing to intrigued competitors in order to abstain from compelling individuals to mole data without wanting to particularly to their families and networks Naji Masour had legitimate rights to employ his own lawyer and if not present, he would have been delegated one to speak to him. He had a crucial right to request of his honesty until demonstrated liable by a courtroom. The last legitimate right that he had was to be exposed to a formal proceeding not at all like where he was being indicted in a private detainment. The writ of habeas corpus would have been the best probability for the blamed to state whether the imprisonment was against the established right and whenever discovered valid, this would make Naji Masour to be discharged by court. Boumediene v. Bramble would have been reasonable to Naji Masour for him to get a reasonable got notification from courts of his nation of origin. The denounced would have been expelled to his nation to confront preliminary and detainment whenever demonstrated liable. Relationship spyware innovations are coming about into protected and simple strategies for recognizing life partner unfaithfulness in submitting demonstrations of infidelity; the impact of this prompts abusive behavior at home between couples,

Program Assistant Introduction Julia Chung COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Program Assistant Introduction Julia Chung COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Were introducing our new group of program assistants with the Office of Admissions. Youve already met Niara and Kier, so now please meet Julia! Julia Chung was born and raised in New Jersey but hopes to be considered an honorary New Yorker. She is a second-year MPA student concentrating in Urban and Social Policy and specializing in Technology, Media, and Communications. After graduating from Vassar College with a BA in Sociology and a minor in Asian Studies, Julia worked at various nonprofits in New York City on issues including housing, immigration, education, and civic engagement. Photo courtesy of: Sandy Zhang What were you doing before you came to SIPA? Before SIPA, I spent four years working at various nonprofits in New York City, focusing on immigration advocacy and civic engagement. After working on various grassroots-level campaigns, I realized that I needed more knowledge and expertise. I decided that the best way to serve my community was to first learn how to create better policies and how to better include multiple voices and communities in policy-making. What attracted you to SIPA and Columbia University? When looking at graduate schools, the two factors that were most important to me were the classes and professors and where the school was located. I wanted to be in a city so I could remain involved in local issues and I wanted professors that had expertise on social policy and municipal governments. After my acceptance, I sat in on Mark Steitz’s Data Driven Approaches to Campaigns and Advocacy class. Less than half way through the class, I knew that SIPA was the school for me. It was clear that SIPA would not only provide the theory and best-practices about policymaking, but also teach the practical skills I needed to further my career. How did you find the core curriculum at SIPA? With no previous quantitative experience, I was apprehensive about the economics and quantitative analysis series. However, in the end, I found both to be extremely useful. Microeconomics and macroeconomics provided me greater insight in why governments make certain decisions around monetary and fiscal policy. And having enjoyed Quantitative Analysis I, I enrolled in Quantitative Analysis II, which is not required, the next semester. Now I highly recommend all students to take Quantitative Analysis II because I think it’s crucial for all policymakers to know how critique the methods of an academic journal article. How did you obtain your internship? I found the general internship posting for NYC Department of Transportation on SIPAlink, our platform for career resources. Having had mainly nonprofit experience, I was looking for opportunities in municipal government. Soon after sending in my resume and cover letter, I was invited to interview with the Grants Management team and offered a College Aid position. What are your goals for the second year? Having completed all my core classes for my degree and concentration in my first year, almost all my second year classes will be elective courses. My goal for the second year is to continue building my skills in design thinking and data analysis. I also want to take classes in other Columbia University schools, such as Mailman School of Public Health and Columbia Business School. What do you think makes a good SIPA student or what qualities do stellar SIPA students typically possess? I think stellar SIPA students typically are: Skilled in time management. There’s quite a bit to juggle between lectures, recitations, office hours, club meetings, networking events, group projects, and life in general! A stellar student knows exactly how much they can take on, where to allocate their energy and when they need to say no and have some self-care time. Open minded and willing to listen to other perspectives. Classmates are from all walks of life with different personal and professional experiences. We don’t always agree on the merits of certain policies or hold similar political views, but we have to respectfully hear the other perspective. Proactive in getting involved in SIPA and off campus. There are so many events and opportunities at SIPA, but also in New York City. Stellar students do their research and get involved!

Case Study on Transmission Towers

Case Study on Transmission Towers Introduction Issues regarding engineering ethics are principles that need to be applied in the practice of engineering (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Engineers have an obligation to the society, the engineering profession and the clients. The general principles of engineering ethics are therefore focused on the engineer’s consideration of the profession, the employers, the client, and the public (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2004). These general principles apply across a wide range of engineering societies in the world. According to the American society of civil engineers, there are seven guiding principles that help to streamline the conducts of engineers during practice (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010). Ethical issues in engineering The first principle regards the health, welfare, and safety of members of the public (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010). The engineer is expected to hold paramount, these three issues and strive to ensure sustainable development during their course of practice (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010). The second principle regards engineer competency (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010). The engineer is only expected to perform services that fall under his or her own area of competency (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Public statements issued by engineers need to be objective and truthful. This means that engineers are not expected to make inaccurate statements to the public with regards to an issue (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). In relation to the service to the client and employer, engineers are expected to act professionally and be faithful agents. In the midst of being professional, engineers are expected to avoid conflict of interest as much as possible (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2004). The fifth principle deals with the creation of professional reputation (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010). The engineers are not expected to compete amongst themselves in an unfair manner (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Professional reputation is best created through merit (Petroski Layton, 1999). Dignity, integrity, and honor are fundamental aspects that the engineers have to uphold all the time in their course of duty (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Therefore engaging in acts such as bribery, fraud and corruption are not expected of any engineer. The last principle deals with professional development of the engineers (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). They are expected to continue with their careers and develop their particular fields further (Petroski Layton, 1999). Therefore engineers, who assume a leadership of supervising role, are expected provide opportunities for the professional development of others under them (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Ethical issues involved in the case In the case of George Randall, there were several ethical issues involved. The principle of sustainable development was compromised (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). By installing the antennae on the existing tower without considering skewed wind angles is risky for the sustenance of the antennae. Even though the safety records of the tower have always been excellent, there kind of antennae to be installed is one that was introduced in the last five years and ever since, there has never been any significant strong wind to breach the safety records of the tower. The other ethical issue involved in the case is the issue of performance of service in the areas where the individual engineer is competent (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Richard, who is the immediate boss of George, is an electrical engineer, and George himself is civil engineer. George has a ten year experience in his current responsibilities at the firm. In addition he also has the necessary knowledge and skills required for the job. Taking an advice from an electrical engineer may cause an ethical dilemma in this case. It assumed that Richard knows a lot less in the field of civil engineering compared to George. Because of this fact, if I were George, then I would find all possible means to address the issue and clear the conflict of interest. This is because, later, if anything goes wrong with the installation I would be held accountable since I am the one in charge of the project and approving all the plans. The other ethical issue involved in the case is that George is supposed to act professionally at all time while being loyal and faithful his employers and bosses (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). This creates a dilemma since George is torn between doing what he is sure to be the right thing and being faithful to the employer. However he is only supposed to act professional while he is being faithful to his bosses. The final ethical issue involved in the case is the professional development of the George’s career. If indeed he goes through with the installation as he intends then it will be a perfect opportunity for him to grow in his career as a civil engineer. He used a software program that had never been used before to calculate the strength of the tower. However, Richard is clearly denying him this opportunity to further his professional practice. Question 1; what to do first and further lines of inquiry The first and most important thing for George to do is to ensure that he tries as much as possible to avoid conflict of interest (Petroski Layton, 1999). It is through avoidance of conflict of interest that all parties can come to an agreement on the appropriate way of addressing the issue. There are two opinions involved in the case. The first one is that of the safety of tower to withstand a strong skewed wind while the second interest is that of understanding risks and rewards in business. Business principles may be honored but certain important factors have to be considered in order to maintain safety standards to both the clients and company property (Petroski Layton, 1999). Avoiding conflict in this case requires a recusal (Petroski Layton, 1999). The legal services of a lawyer can be used or the introduction of a third party can be used to bring a different view on the issue (Petroski Layton, 1999). Despite the fact that Stephen, the overall boss of the company is a business professional, seeking his opinion in this matter is important (Petroski Layton, 1999). Therefore George has to involve him. Even with the business mindset in place, Stephen can be having a different perspective of the issue. For instance, he may reason in the line of durability. If the company decides to take the risk and in one year’s time the antennae becomes wrecked, then it would make even larger losses compared to playing safe. George can also use a similar mindset and present his argument before Richard so to convince him to buy the additional protection plates that will be used to increase the strength of the tower to withstand strong skewed wind. Further lines of inquiry can be used to make a good decision in the case (Petroski Layton, 1999). For instance, since this is a matter of safety and chances are still there that heavy skewed winds can occur, whistle blowing can be a good idea for George (Petroski Layton, 1999). If George blows the whistle he probably might be able to get the support of legal institutions such as the court. George cannot be limited to the building regulations (Petroski Layton, 1999). It is a basic ethical dilemma for an engineer to report to authority any possibility of risk to both the client and the employer (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Here George is met with a possible risk for the safety of the tower in which he is installing an antenna. Depending on the location of the tower, the safety risk can either be to the public or primarily lie on the company. If, the tower, is located at a point where it is close to residential houses, safety for the public needs to be considered. However, the company also stands to make losses if the tower is wrecked as a result of negligence or ignorance by the George. In both cases, he is held responsible since he will be the one to approve all the stages of installation of the antennae. Question 2: The decision and its justification If the employer fails to follow the direction of George, then the most appropriate thing to do after analyzing the risks involved is to blow the whistle. Basically, the first principle of engineering ethics discussed earlier in the paper is safety (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). This principle generally comes above all the other principles (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010). It overrides the duty that the engineer has to the client and as well to the employer (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Ignoring the duty of safety may lead to an engineer being disciplined or having their licenses cancelled (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Such disciplinary actions may be taken not only in cases where there is loss of life or injury but also if the risk did not lead to any death, injury or damage (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). George should advice his boss in a proper manner where he explains to him all the possible dangers involved with having the tower unprotected. He could also make proposals that would ensure he develops a different business mind with regards to the issue (Petroski Layton, 1999). But the underlying idea is that George’s advice has to be taken seriously by his employers. Before blowing the whistle to the appropriate authority, George has to make sure that he can prove that having the tower unprotected is dangerous for the company (Petroski Layton, 1999). He should be able to provide evidence for the possibility of occurrence of strong skewed angle wind. May be the area in which the tower is located does not experience strong winds to wreck the tower (Petroski Layton, 1999). There are government authorities that handle the regulations of building towers, and antennae (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Blowing the whistle can involve these agencies (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). This means that George can report the matter to the regulation body despite the fact that there is no single rule that asserts that building of the tower must be done with skewed winds in mind. The rules only suggest that in case of strong skewed wind conditions, the tower should be made much stronger. George can still use this provision in the regulations to support his argument as he reports the issue to the government authorities. Depending on the gravity of the matter, if the government authority fails to take the appropriate actions that George can proceed to report the matter to the courts (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Whistle blowers in the field of engineering usually enjoy the support of court. In most cases the cases overrules the duties to employers and clients and sides with the argument of the engineers (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). The courts also overrule the issues of confidentialities with company information since this is the main hindrance for the engineer to speak out the issue in public (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). The other possible option in trying to convince his employers, both Richard and Stephen is to provide them with data on the cases where ignorance to safety has lead to major disasters. Providing case studies may help changes the perception of the employers and cause them to make the necessary consideration and buy the additional protective plates. It should also be clear that installation of the antenna poses a risk to the people who will be on the ground installing it and doing daily maintenance. The kind of antennae being installed is one that was introduced five years ago and used for the first time by the company. The company itself has not tested whether the antennae will be strong to withstand skewed angle wind except for the modeling software that George used to calculate performance of the antennae. During the process of installation, the tower could wreck and pose danger to the people doing the installation and maintenance. Since it is assumed that the tower is located away from residential houses, the main people at high risk of any wreckage are the engineers working on it. From case study, George could support his side of the issue since there are cases where technicians have been killed on the course of duty as a result of a tower wrecking. This is actually the most convincing reason that allows George to blow the whistle on the safety of the tower if in case the employers act oblivious to his advices. In this case, the responsibility of George as the one in charge of the project ends once the project is complete. He is the main adviser for all the necessary requirements for the project. He is expected to ensure that the standards are met and that there shall be no safety problem with the installation. This means that George could defend his position ethically by referring to the principle guidelines set out in the code of ethics. He could refer to the code of ethics of the company or the general code of ethics that governs the association of engineers in his country. Based on the seven principles discussed earlier, Richard breaches several of the principles. The first principle that overrules the others is that of holding paramount the welfare, health and safety of the public (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). It is clear that failure to consider the skewed wind angle would pose a risk to the technicians. This is does not only mean disregard for the principle but also disregard for a safe working condition. If anything happens to the field technicians, then most likely the company would be liable. However, there is also possibility that the person in charge be liable for the damages caused. Therefore, with regards to the first principle, George could defend his position by stating that safety comes first before profitability. In business, risk and reward is a common principle. If one fails to take the risk with optimism, then there shall not be any reward. However in engineering there is no taking of risks. All structures put together by engineers need to be perfect and free of any defects and flaws. This is because of the dangers the structures are likely to pose to the consumers. While defending his position ethically, George could also argue on the basis of the second ethical principle. Richard is supposed to honor the fact that George is a civil engineer with a ten years experience (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010). He is supposed to take his advices seriously. Even though the plates may be expensive, but still the company can afford to buy them. By ignoring the advices of George, he is simply meddling with civil engineering. Richard is a electric engineer and knows little about civil engineering. He is supposed to respect practice of engineering in areas outside his competency just in the same way, George is supposed to respect practices outside his competency. Such an argument can be made in the presence of a third party that has a neutral position on the issue (Petroski Layton, 1999). George is also expected to act professionally at all times and be faithful agent to his employers. There are two things involved in this principle: the idea of being loyal to the employer, and the idea of acting professionally. Since George pays a duty to the profession as well, he cannot do things that will spoil the reputation of civil engineering. He has to uphold integrity and adhere to the guidelines of professional ethics. This means that he has to stand for what he believes to be paramount for the reputation of the profession. Question 3: If the company is fixed on making profits If I were George, all the potential cause of action that I can take will be influenced by the fact that the company is affixing the new antennae only for commercial purposes. If there is entirely no reason to improve quality of services but to make more money, then clearly the company lacks the will to avoid any possible risks involved with the move. As earlier mentioned, risks cannot be taken in engineering unlike in investments. It is possible to take risks when making an investment move. However, the investor has to conduct a comprehensive market analysis that weighs the implications of all the issues involved. Depending on the industry where the investment is done such issues of safety have to come into play and be taken seriously. Basic standards have to be met at all time since it is one of external factors that affect the business environment. My stand on the issues would even be more strong is knew that the company had will to emphasize on safety. It would be clear to me that this company only intends to maximize their profits at the risk of other people. If indeed the company is making a lot of profit, then there should be no reason not to purchase the additional protective plates. Companies today also compete on the basis of total quality management. It would therefore be a pointless if the company disregards quality and later on a serious mistake happens that costs the company its reputation. It is possible for the company to make high profits once it ensures that quality is maintained all round its functions. It is better to compete on the basis of total quality management than to compete on the basis of risk and reward. I would therefore be very much convinced to ensure that the company takes into consideration my proposal to have the additional protective plates installed in order to make the tower strong to withsta nd the skewed angle winds. Question 4: Erecting some antennae near residential houses If some of the antennae were to be erected near residential houses, this would be a strong reason to influence each my decisions (Petroski Layton, 1999). Having the towers unsafe near residential houses is a breach of safety and a total disregard of ethical principles (Petroski Layton, 1999). Based on the knowledge that company intends to install some of the antennae near residential houses, I would definitely involve the court if both Richard and Stephen fail to consider my proposal (Petroski Layton, 1999). Three issues expected paramount to an engineer include: health, welfare, and safety of the public (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Taking a risk with these issues is not recommended at all (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). The business could make profits but in the end safety of the people leaving around the towers is not assured (Petroski Layton, 1999). This would strongly support my decision and make me pursue it further. The best option in this case is blowing the whistle by involving the public (Petroski Layton, 1999). Whistle blowers in the field of engineering usually enjoy the support of court (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010). In most cases the cases overrules the duties to employers and clients and sides with the argument of the engineers (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). The courts also overrule the issues of confidentialities with company information since this is the main hindrance for the engineer to speak out the issue in public (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Question 5: Responsibility for failure of the towers I would be held accountable in case the tower fails since I am the main adviser for all the necessary requirements for the project. I am expected to ensure that the standards are met and that there shall be no safety problem with the installation. My immediate boss may be held accountable if any failure occurs while still in office. However, he is leaving office in the next two years. Since I still have a long way to go in development of the profession, I am bound to stay with the company for long. Therefore if the failure occurs after the Richard leaves office, responsibility for the mistakes will be based on me. However based on the laws of agencies, the entire company can be liable for mistakes done by one of its agents during the course of duty. Conclusion According to the laws of employment, agents who commit tort in the course of duty either intentionally or unintentionally would cause the company to be liable (Petroski Layton, 1999). It is only in the extreme cases that the individual agent in charge will be held accountable (Petroski Layton, 1999). Therefore, unless the matter is very severe, the responsibility of for the failure will be spread across the company (Petroski Layton, 1999). The relationship between an employee and an employer needs to be based on respect and obedience (Petroski Layton, 1999). However, the employee only obeys according to the law. If in case the employee feels the employer is forcing them to do something unlawful then there are appropriate means in which the issue can be addressed (Petroski Layton, 1999). There are agencies which the employee can use to report the matter apart from the court (Petroski Layton, 1999). The workers’ union is one such platform that takes care of conflicts between employers and employees. If I were George, I would also seek for advice in the workers union of the company. In fact this would have been the first places to consult before engaging the courts. Reference List American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. Code of Ethics. 4th ed. Reston, Viginia: ASCE Press. Institution of Civil Engineers, 2004. Royal Charter, By-laws, Regulations and Rules, Reston: ASCE Press. National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007. Code of Ethics, Alexandria, Virginia: NSPE. Petroski, H. Layton, E., 1999. To Engineer is Human: the Role of Failure in Successful Design, Baltimore: St Martins Press.

Essay on Revealing the Ambiguious Black Theatre - 1766 Words

Finding the core of something as broad as black theatre is an ultimate task for one to take on. Black theatre is very complex in nature and structure and not everyone agrees on the exact components of what black theatre really is. How does anyone decide what black theatre is? Who has the right to decide what black theatre is? What are these decisions based on? It has been my privilege to explore these aspects of black theatre. Through extensive research and discovery, I plan to evaluate the perceptions of what black theatre is and develop a refined definition of black theatre. In attending a class the summer of 2002, I was posed the question of what black theatre is. I really could not give a clear definition because I had not†¦show more content†¦If one were to ask the public the same question, what is black art, the answers very well may be the same as mine were. I actually have asked several college students, young and old, what they thought Black theatre is and they gave blanks looks as to say, I dont know, or, I have never thought about it. The students that did answer, answered on the on the lines that the actors or actresses were Black and that was the extent. I encouraged them to think about whether the writer had to be black and the director had to be Black. At this point students for the most part did not want to finish the conversation or were unable to come up with their own opinion about the matter without thinking over the subject for a longer period. The feeling of ignorance and bewilderment that these students and I felt are some of the similar feeling Black artists had pre the Black Arts Movement. To clarify, there are still people that do not understand or have any idea of what Black theatre is, but the Black Arts Movement helped to lay some ground work and guides lines for what black theatre should be and is. W.E.B. Dubois coined four principles of theory of what black theatre should be. These principles were, and are still, openly accepted as guidelines for what black theatre is. Black art

Black Mans Burden Free Essays

It’s has been a very discussed topic whether the color of ones skin still can be a burden in today’s society or not. For Instance are the black people, and especially In South America racism Is a big Issue. Thus racism Is weakened compared to centuries ago, it is still present in not only a big part of America but in the rest of the world as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Mans Burden or any similar topic only for you Order Now Racism is one of the main issues, that the American author Kisses Layman is dealing with in his writings. Layman is black himself and in his work â€Å"How to slowly Kill Yourself and Others In America† he shows us his personally story, which Is filled tit trials and reflections that lightens under-appreciated aspects of the modern American life. In the following essay will be examining a remembrance of Layman’s essay from the web magazine Gawkier, which was published the 28 of July 2012, to see how Layman gets his intention across. Layman grew up in Mississippi with a childhood embossed of racism and violence. This was a part of his everyday life. To outline the central problem that this text is dealing with, it is important to emphasize that ones skin color is still very important In many societies today. For Instance there Is the real life episode with the Police Officer Darrel Wilson who shot and killed the arrear old young black unarmed man named Michael Brown. These racially issues are the ones Layman has been struggled with during his upbringing. It is therefore these issues he wants to draw attention to In his essay. Layman speaks of personal experiences In his works, and this type of argumentation Is called ethos. He Is using ethos to emphasize the burden that comes with for blacks in a white-controlled society. I believe that Layman’s intention with his writings is to make people live their lives as they wish and intend to. That is why freedom† Is a very Important point In Layman’s writings. This is further shown In the essay: â€Å"How free can you be If you really accept that white folks are the traffic cops of your life? Mama tells me that she is not talking about freedom. She says that she is talking about survival. 1 This quotation is very important, because it highlights Layman’s life values compared to Layman’s mother, who always taught him to be well behaved In a society controlled by white people. Layman was well behaved In his early years, but after several years of being treated badly, Just because of his skin-color, Layman had had enough. Layman became a boy with a lot of anger and frustration, and I think that through his writings he got vent fo r his feelings. First of all he starts in medias race: â€Å"I’ve had guns pulled on me by four people under Central Mississippi skies†¦ 2 This dramatic and brutal start is very catchy. Secondly the language in his essay is very brutal and dramatic as well. He Is using words like gun, Niger and buck, which have a negative connotation. Thirdly he Is using flashbacks In a way that I haven’t read before. Layman is overall writing about his young days in Mississippi, but sometimes he is OFF further shown in the essay: â€Å"16 months later, I’m 18, three years older than Edward Evans will be when he is shot in the head behind an abandoned home in Jackson. 3 By using this very unspectacular way of writing, he gets to his audience with the way of persuasion called pathos, where he is relating to the feelings. These parallels that he is using are episodes, which have happened in the last couple of years. He therefore achieves to make his past familiar with the r acially issues that goes on today. The only difference is that he has survived, and the kids he is relating to have men killed. Likely because of racially issues. One of the persons who did not support his strong opinions was his mother. Layman therefore took distance to his mother, when she once pulled a gun to his face. To Layman this complex of problem was about the freedom that the black people weren’t in possession of in Mississippi. To Layman’s mother it was a matter of survival, and therefore it was very important to her that they would fit in as much as possible. Thus Layman has gotten death treats; it has not stopped him from writing or drawing attention to these issues. Overall, Layman is using ethos to make his audience relate as much as possible through his personal experiences during his upbringing in Mississippi. An episode that Layman uses and which supports the theme racism is when an undercover â€Å"white† cop once pulled a gun at him. We most assume that this cop, called John Deere, pulls a gun at Layman, Troy, Cleat and Leighton because of their skin color since Deere shouts â€Å"Niger lovers† at them. By using ethos Layman achieves to get his audience attention since Layman’s personal experiences are truthful, chocking and provocative. His writings however are aimed to a wide American target audience, and since Layman is a very intelligent and proficient writer, I think, that he achieves to get a lot of peoples’ attention. He writes in a very special way, which catches the audience attention very quickly. All in all, the remembrance is a display of Layman’s personal life where racism and violence is still present. Layman wants to draw attention to racism and violence. He wants people to say yes to life instead of letting some people being the â€Å"traffic cops† in your life, because of the burden that comes with when you are colored. How to cite Black Mans Burden, Papers

Rebuilding New or Leans an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Rebuilding New or Leans Introduction The destructive effects of the August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina had necessitated the government to rebuild New Orleans to help resettle the people who were displaced. This was a positive recovery technique to the people who had lost all the property that they had. The new or leans have made many people who could otherwise become miserable settle comfortably. In the process of rebuilding the government had introduced the basic essentials to the victims. The governments effort to rebuild was welcomed from the members of the community. This implies that the recovery process is a positive way that promotes the human dignity of the victims. Even if it had to take time to start reconstruction, five months after the Hurricane Katrina swamped New or leans, president bushs government promised to rebuild the gulf coast. (Treaster, 2006) Need essay sample on "Rebuilding New or Leans" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed This paper will provide comparative and historical analyses on the reconstruction efforts by the government on the New Orleans city after the Hurricane Katrina. In addition the current problems faced by the government in the building process are given indebt analysis. Reducing the occurrence of any disaster later is the ultimate goal to the process of reducing the risks associated. The catastrophe which lead to the death of about 1570 people and the loss of approximately $50 billion worthy losses, still remain fresh in the minds of the people. The historical experience provides an avenue for the rebuilding process. Major challenges in the rebuilding process The major challenge was to make the city rise from the waters. The government had to consolidate money to be used to build houses for the victims. A lot of debate came up over the how to rebuild the new or leans. The government however could not be able to restore the full properties of the victims. Initially the government had taken full responsibility to build only 20,000 houses while leaving over 180,000 homes in the hands of the insurance companies. This became as a hindrance to the whole process of rebuilding the New Orleans. It followed that minus the government much of the city would not be developed. The New Orleans required millions of money within a short area as the debris were high labor intensive as well they required high capital investments especially on the machines. The bureaucratic delays have made it difficult for the rebuilding process. The reason is that the government had to work with other stakeholders to provide for the rebuilding process. There is a controversy about the building of the levees and sea gates as most commentators have argued that such structures might equally make the city vulnerable to terrorism. The reason is that a port city is more vulnerable to terrorism than an inland one as it become difficult to defect terrorists when they approach from the sea. This is another big challenge in the increased trends of terrorist attack. Therefore massive amounts of money can be devoted to protect the vulnerable rebuild city from terrorism. New Orleans after the Hurricane Katrina is becoming more vulnerable to very many disasters. The big challenge here for the government building New Orleans is to rebuild the lives of the people, who were disoriented by the Hurricane Katrina. (Jed, 2006) The city was not able to collect taxes since all the properties were destroyed and even the businesses closed down. The high financial requirements that are required to rebuild the city have forced the government to impose high tax so as to build the necessary structures in the city. Tax payers are now asked to pay billions of money to rebuild the city. Building of residential houses and commercial houses among other structure requires a massive financial input which can only be achieved through the taxes. Above all large investment is required in protecting the city against all the eventualities especially the building of levees. Then it implies that the whole burden of reconstructing New Orleans lies on the government. The government has planned to enhance security guarantee by developing New Orleans storm control mechanisms. This aimed at reducing the possibility of the storm destroying the now rebuild New or Leans. Role of technology is paramount for the whole process of rebuilding. This requires the contracting of scientists, Engineers and architects who should establish a proper framework that would reduce these uncertainties. The government has to initiate this multi-billion project and this will strengthen the Louisiana gulf that is vulnerable. It is evident that the floods that followed after the Hurricane Katrina were very devastating. These calls for long term rebuilding of the New or leans especially for the flood protection. The government in this respect is committed to rebuilding new flood gates and levees so as to reduce the possibility of the storms destroying the region. The whole system of transport and communication was destroyed and the government in partnership with other stakeholders is trying had to put in place the proper transport and communication so as to attract people into the city. The governments response to this disaster has been very slow which has made difficult for the reconstruction of the city. Most of the victims who had mortgage insurance covers were advised by the government to seek funds from those companies so as to reconstruct their houses. In this response the insurance companies can not be able to carry out compensation since the destruction required a massive capital. New Orleans skill remains vulnerable as to flooding it below a sea level. Recommendations The decision to rebuild the city by the government has been hindered by the large financial requirements. This is because most of the residents had not taken any insurance cover to cater for such disaster. The government should therefore encourage the people to take insurance cover to cater for the costs of such a disaster. Disaster management techniques have to be put in place so as to reduce the uncertainties associated. (Mattei, 2006) The levees that broke during hurricane Katrina since then have not been rebuilt. Actually after hurricane Katrina massive flooding occurred and it destroyed billions of property. There have been very commitments to rebuild the city in spite of the high financial requirements. The best method is to reclaim the citys value has been rebuilding the levees which were destroyed by the hurricane Katrina. This should then be followed by the construction of commercial and residential facilities and infrastructure. The flood control which has prevented the Mississippi river from depositing sediment to renew the subsiding silt that the city is build on has made the city to more vulnerable to sinking. It is of urgency for the government to respond to such risks before they turn out tragic. The government should be at a position to detect the dangers posed and evacuate people in advance. Not only New Orleans is vulnerable to such risks but also other cities near the oceans, lakes and seas are subject to such dangers. New York City is an example of those that are vulnerable as it is near the ocean. All these dangers posed can be prevented by building dry levees through these cities to prevent future flooding. New Orleans is a city is threatened of abandonment if the government does not put in place the capital to build it so as to restore it lost glory. A permanent solution should be searched for better infrastructure in the New Orleans would make it safer. Generally the New Orleans city should rebuild very carefully and differently. New Orleans as it is would require continuous infusions of massive resources into the rebuilding process. The best solution is that the low level areas should not rebuild at all and the levees should be properly rebuild and maintained so as to minimize any occurrence of the disaster. Conclusion Hurricane Katrina is a subject of discussion among the victims of New Orleans city. The way forward for the effective method of rebuilding and resettling for the New Orleans is to reduce the possibility the tragedy occurring thereafter. Provision of schools, hospitals and other facilities is likely to influence former and new residents to move to the city and settle there without any fear. How to rebuild New Orleans differently remains the major point of concern for United States government. (Wachter, 2006) References EL Birch, SM Wachter (2006) Rebuilding Urban Places after Disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina. University of Pennsylvania Press. Horne, Jed (2006). Breach of Faith: Hurricane Katrina and the Near Death of a Great American City. New York, NY: Random House Joseph B. Treaster Hurricane Katrina - The New York Times,Sunday, December 16, 2007 Norma Jean Mattei (2006) Rebuilding Metro New Orleans after Katrina: Louisiana's New Statewide Building Code. University of New Orleans

Review of Nuclear Battery Technology Essay

Review of Nuclear Battery Technology Essay Review of Nuclear Battery Technology Essay Example Review of Nuclear Battery Technology Essay Example The Role of Nuclear Battery for Smartphones In smart phones, batteries play a major role in providing power. Scientists as well as technology firms are continually looking for means to better the life of these batteries and their efficiency. The University of Missouri lately came up with a more efficient nuclear battery that is long lasting. This battery is capable of running several applications including a space flight. They also act as a reliable energy source in automobiles. Search for alternative sources of energy has made scientists indulge in extensive research in almost all fields to gather information on how to tackle the challenge of battery life of batteries used in various devices such as phones and laptops and come up with ones that are more efficient than the existing chemical batteries. The basic idea the researchers have been developing is that instead of consuming or utilizing the power in a battery`s chemical gradient, for instant in Lithium batteries, to employ the energy emitted by the decaying of isotopes of radioactive elements in a natural manner to generate energy. These batteries are referred to as nuclear batteries. Problem definition Nuclear batteries in smartphones emit radiation and in case of a leakage they can cause cancer and even death. For example, the gamma rays which have intense, penetrating power can only be checked with the introduction of a large lead lump; otherwise, cancer is inevitable. The casing is done to reduce radiation in smartphones, and it is done using the materials mentioned. Another possible disadvantage (though it is not common) is that terrorists may use the Strontium-90 to develop dirty bombs even though the substance is very expensive. Radiation protection principles presume that any radiation dose, no matter how small it might seem to be, can harm a person. Nuclear batteries are lighter than other ones, however, they can provide energy for smartphones, and they are much smaller in size as well as more efficient as other batteries. Nuclear batteries also have sufficient energy density. The radioisotope that is an example of nuclear energy can supply energy density that is approximately six orders of magnitude more than the batteries manufactured using chemical substances. Betavoltaic chipsets that are also nuclear batteries are commercially available and are of high demand due to low voltage. They are also amp products for the niche markets such as the military. Betavoltaic batteries generate power from beta radiations rather than photons. These beta radiations are high power electrons emitted by radioactive elements. Several commercial uses of nuclear technologies exist today, for example, fire control detectors and emergency exits in many buildings. Lithium-ion batteries have an aging problem, which becomes evident one year after the purchase and the manufacturers always go silent about this. It always happens whether the battery is in use or kept idle. Another disadvantage of lithium-ion batteries is that they are regarded as not completely mature since the chemicals and metals vary on a continuous basis. They need a protection circuit to preserve the voltage as well as the current within some safe limits . Natural Li is converted into isotopic clear 6Li. The merits of performing this task are the fact that thermal neutron combination of the cross-section is multiple of magnitude order larger than the natural Li cross-section implying that researchers can evaluate factual manufacturing methods and techniques. Functional requirements Terms such as atomic battery, nuclear battery and radioisotope and tritium generator are employed to depict devices that use energy produced from decaying of the radioactive isotope to generate electricity. Conversion method is divided into thermal and non-thermal one. Thermal converters consist of the thermionic and thermoelectric kinds of generators. Their output energy is always a function of a temperature difference. Non-thermal converters output of power is not a function of a temperature difference. It extracts a portion of power as it is degraded into the heat energy instead of using the thermal power to run electrons in the circle. Atomic batteries in most cases have an efficiency of between 0.1 to 5%. High efficiency beta voltaics have an efficiency of 6-8%. Thermal converters are classified into a thermionic converter that includes a hot electrode that emits electrons in a thermionic manner over a potential power barrier to a relatively cool form of an electrode and produce valuable electric energy output. Cesium vapor is employed to highly optimize electrode task function as well as present an ion supply to make sure the electron space charge has been neutralized. Beta voltaic is a battery that generates energy from radiation and scientists have studied the battery since 1950 and regard it as a major source of nuclear energy. Day to day research is being pursued on nuclear batteries in various research institutions. Much of this task is centered on making the frontiers of these nuclear device technologies by using energy sources with the help of beta or alpha particle decay, which is based on the radioactive isotope emitted. The area of the beta voltaic, which is the most tackled by the researchers, is tritium. This is a hydrogen isotope that has a pair of neutrons and a single proton as well as electron inherent in its hydrogen form. It is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 12.32 years during which it emits beta particle that is basically an electron. This makes it more preferred over other known solutions that emit dangerous gamma radiations . There are several other advantages of tritium like its weight; it is arguably the third lightest among the existing isotopes. It also has properties and reactivity similar to those of hydrogen. Researchers are well conversant with its production path, and they are also quite aware of its hazards. A specimen of Highly-Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) that is intercalated with some lithium so as to check loading before irradiation occurs. Nuclear energy sources when controlled arent inherently dangerous. These nuclear batteries employ radioactive isotopes referred to as strontium-90. The latter improves the electrochemical power in water-based solutions. An electrode consisting of nanostructured titanium dioxide and a coating made of platinum is responsible for converting the energy or the power into electrons . The water operates as a buffer. Surface Plasmon developed in the device emerges as a useful component since it improves the batterys efficiency. The Ionic solution, however, cannot be easily frozen at minimal temperatures. It could efficiently perform in a variety of applications, for instance, car batteries. Constructing a betavoltaic device, a silicon material inside two electrodes is wedged. By the time the radiation strikes the semiconductor there is a production of electrons flow, simply referred to as voltage electricity. Unfortunately, ancient materials were less suitable for enormous stacked arrays since the volume and the mass of the battery being developed would be large. Thinner and relatively lighter collectors and emitters were required for designing an array. Of late, developments in graphene are still to be correctly integrated into the architecture of this betavoltaic. When correct integration into these thin stacked kinds of betavoltaic arrays is completed, a wider utilization and efficient performance would be experienced. It is possible that betavoltaic energy can generate more power as compared to chemical batteries. The anticipated maximum efficiency of promethium and tritium batteries is 21% and 12% respectively. Factors leading to these efficiencies are the source construction and the secondary electron discharge as well as backscattering mainly from the collector. Experimentally, it was demonstrated that the efficiency of the tritium direct charge battery model with vacuum dielectrics and collectors with secondary electron emission suppression and backscattering coating reached 5.5%. This kind of battery has an activity of curies of approximately 108. The experiment also demonstrated a voltage of 5300 volts with short circuit current of 148 nanoamperes. However, the efficiency can be doubled with a double-sided source. A promethium-147 nuclear battery has an activity of above 2.6 curies. The experiment shows it generates a voltage of 60kv. The current for the short circuit is 6.0 nano-amperes reaching an efficiency of 15%. The effect of charge accumulation in dielectrics under mono-energetic electron beam irradiation was used for developing nuclear batteries. In this battery, the charge accumulated on the surface conducts electric current through an uncharged dielectric. A nuclear battery was fabricated and tested with a tritium source; taking into consideration that a dielectric layer is wider than the range of tritium beta elements and a metal collector is without a vacuum space, this model generated 0.4 microwatts of electricity. Natural radioactivity emits radiation that generates energy. Nuclear batteries also known as atomic batteries harness the energy. The power density of the final product and the application domains depend on a material employed to generate that energy. On the other hand, the output and the potential efficiency of the battery depend on the form of conversion employed. Thermal converter, that is a radioisotope generator, utilizes the thermal energy produced by radioisotope decay to generate electricity. Methods used for this process include thermocouple heating, a recognized charge accumulation effect found in the dielectrics. The nuclear batteries developed at the Missouri University consist of a platinum-coated titanium dioxide electrode that was with. Water was also incorporated in addition to radioactive strontium-90. Sr-90 can decay radioactively with 28.79 years half-life. It generates an electron referred to as beta radiation; it also produces anti-neutrino as well as the isotope yttrium-90. This Y-90 has a half-life of 65 hours. This causes decay of additional electrons and anti-neutrinos. Stable Zirconium is also generated as a result of the decay. The wisest aspect of employing Sr-90 as a source of energy is the fact that it emits less or zero gamma radiations. Nuclear batteries are safe to handle and also very easy to use. Apart from being used in smartphones they are used extensively in health departments, for example, for cancer radiotherapy . Design concept Safety of radioactive substance is ensured by introducing an aluminum material between a human body part and the source of the rays. Thus, the safety of betavoltaic is checked in this way to avoid damage to people. One of the greatest advantages of nuclear batteries in smartphones is the fact that recharging will not be done as in the case with chemical batteries. As mentioned above, nuclear batteries with efficient packaging possess an energy density that is greater than in chemical ones. Additionally, the radioactive isotopes used to develop nuclear batteries are easily available at affordable market prices. Nuclear cells have a life span not less than ten years. This is an overwhelming term as they supply energy to equipment non-stop. Thus, the reliability and the longevity incorporated together may suffice a minor power needs for a decade. However, radiation safety standards need to be met. Incorporation of safety measures to ensure nuclear batteries are safe to handle. Devices, like smartphones batteries emit nuclear radiation that includes beta and gamma ray beams. This radiation is however kept in closed packages. Individuals worry that tritium in these batteries may diffuse due to the small size of the package and its mobility. They fear that it could diffuse through graphitic matrix, due to the complicated process of covering it . The worry for this is counterattacked by the fact that it is experimentally proven that the radiation would remain in the matrix as long as the temperatures remain below 627 degrees Celsius. The operating environment temperature that people live in is far much below this limit. The remaining challenge is the moisture. Nevertheless, the scientists are making use of a robust, hermetically fastened package. In less than three years to come, research companies, if funded adequately, will produce nuclear powered devices for general market. On this time framework, though, the researchers argue that it would depend on the regulatory framework. The addition of water was arguably the breakthrough of these batteries since that water can absorb a great amount of beta radiation since when in large quantities it can detriment to a betavoltaic semiconductor. However, beta radiation rips apart the molecules of water, generating free radicals as well as electricity. Comparative study with previous concept The cost of developing these nuclear batteries is relatively high. As for the case of most innovations, the starting cost is rather huge. However, as the innovation goes operational, these drawbacks varnish as the product is produced in bulk. Nuclear batteries for some specific applications like the size of laptop batteries may lead to some problems though it can be eliminated as time progresses; for instance the Xcel in laptops batteries is much more compared to the conventional one. Prospective commercial application of nuclear batteries in smartphones The aerospace firms would welcome smartphones recharging themselves. Oil and the gas companies are also potential commercial markets for the nuclear batteries due to their recharging factor. All these companies require some reliable energy sources in physical extremes for instant low temperatures and low pressure . The betavoltaic battery integrated into a flight data detector may signal to the searching squad for years rather than months. The odds of coming up with a commercially viable substance are reasonably perfect since the ultra-thin kind of collectors exists anyway. There is a growing global interest in the development of these thin beta-electron kinds of emitters. Applications Nuclear batteries are used widely due to their long life capability and high efficiency. This sort of innovation will undoubtedly change the current technology for the better and eliminate the power limitations brought about by chemical cells. In space applications, nuclear energy units are more significant as compared to the solar cells and the ordinary chemical batteries. Solar cells are easily destroyed when passing through radiation areas. The second reason is that the operations on planets such as Mars and the moon, where long phases of darkness need heavy batteries to provide power. Solar cells can only get energy from the sun. The third is that the missions conducted in space in an opaque atmosphere for instant on Jupiter. There is no light there, thus solar cell are useless there. The nuclear source of power would be useful in space. Nuclear batteries would also eliminate the necessity of heating electronics in areas where temperatures are -245 degrees Celsius, for instance in space. These incredible advantages would ensure the nuclear batteries will easily replace current chemical sources of power. All applications including the phones that require large powers and a high lifetime and not forgetting a definite design over density will automatically prefer the nuclear source. The other application is the use of these batteries in mobile devices. A nuclear-powered battery for a laptop or a phone can provide supply approximate 8,000 times the life of the ordinary laptop or phone battery. Nuclear brings about forgetting the tedious process of recharging and replacing batteries. A nuclear battery through research has been found that it can endure a minimum of five years. The Xcel-N has never been switched off since it started its operation. It has been working for eight months in a row, without using any external energy supply. Low energy electronics are ending up being versatile. Therefore, these kinds of batteries are nowadays becoming commercially relevant. They act as power sources for machinery that ought to function unattended for a long time, like satellites. Also, if it packed correctly, it can be applied to spaceship and pacemakers. These batteries can provide energy to a variety of objects from the tiny sensors to enormous systems. The plans of these nuclear batteries A proof-of-principle form of analysis starts with an emitter. Irradiation of the high-energy grapheme-based kind of beta emitters is necessary. When this is fully optimized, then invention and development of nuclear powered cells is quite possible. The key hurdles are experienced in the transportation of these devices and their handling. It is advisable to collaborate with Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) in developing the geometry, and in field-testing of these devices . Feasibility assessment The above-mentioned researches concerning the nuclear batteries present adequate hope in the supply of power and energy in future for devices and applications. Upon implementation of these technologies, feasibilities and credibility of devices such as smartphones will be elevated. This calls for keen observation of all standards while producing nuclear batteries so as to avoid the leakage of radioactive substances. Economic feasibility will be dictated by advantages and its applications. With a variety of features being added to these researchers, nuclear batteries will undoubtedly be one of the greatest inventions made in human history. Dose calculator Since we live in a radioactive universe where radiation is a part of the natural environment, its essential to measure the radiation dose. The unit used to measure is known as the millirem (mrem). The regarded annual dose in every person should be around 350mrems, whether it comes from a natural or a man-made source. It is nor desirable for any individual to receive more than that dose annually. Absorbed dose refers to a quantity of radiation experienced by a person in the body. The absorbed dose units are (rad) and gray (Gy). Dose equivalent adds together the radiation quantity that is absorbed with the medical effects of that radiation type. For the beta and the gamma rays found in smartphones have the same dose equivalent as the absorbed dose. The dose equivalent for these rays is much higher than those of the neutron and the alpha. This is because these types are more harmful to human body. The dose equivalent units are the roentgen man (rem) and the sievert (Sv). The biological equivalent of the dose is estimated in 1/1000th of a rem, which is known as millirem. For practical purpose, 1R (exposure) = 1rad (absorbed dose) = 1 rem or 1000mrem (dose equivalent). A measure presented as Ci shows substances radioactivity. A measure in rem or mrem indicates the energy amount that is deposited in living tissues by a radioactive substance. Nuclear energy source will replace conventional cells as well as the adaptors; hence, the future will be full of exciting innovations with new ways of powering the portable devices. Although automobiles are in the first phase of their development, it is a clear indication of how nuclear energy is being employed. It is highly promising that the nuclear cells will definitely find a niche in automobiles and issues like running out of fuel or the battery life will come to an end. Though they pose a negative effect, the advantages brought about by nuclear batteries outweigh the disadvantages. The good thing is that these demerits are controllable. In future, the world of science will continue to use electric power from indispensable radioisotope. The scientific world argues that small devices ought to use small batteries to supply them with power. The urge for extra power arises as technology improves.

Triangles and Polygons on SAT Math Strategies and Practice Questions for Geometry

Triangles and Polygons on SAT Math Strategies and Practice Questions for Geometry SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips 25 to 30% of the SAT math section will involve geometry, and the majority of those questions will deal with polygons in some form or another. Polygons come in many shapes and sizes and you will have to know your way around them with confidence in order to ace those SAT questions on test day. Luckily, despite their variety, polygons are often less complex than they look, and a few simple rules and strategies will have you breezing through those geometry questions in no time. This will be your complete guide to SAT polygons- the rules and formulas for various polygons, the kinds of questions you’ll be asked about them, and the best approach for solving these types of questions. What is a Polygon? Before we talk about polygon formulas, let’s look at what exactly a polygon is. A polygon is any flat, enclosed shape that is made up of straight lines. To be â€Å"enclosed† means that the lines must all connect, and no side of the polygon can be curved. Polygons NOT Polygons Polygons come in two broad categories- regular and irregular. A regular polygon has all equal sides and all equal angles, while irregular polygons do not. Regular Polygons Irregular Polygons (Note: most all of the polygons on the SAT that are made up of five sides or more will be regular polygons, but always double-check this! You will be told in the question whether the shape is "regular" or "irregular.") The different types of polygons are named after their number of sides and angles. A triangle is made of three sides and three angles (â€Å"tri† meaning three), a quadrilateral is made of four sides (â€Å"quad† meaning four), a pentagon is made of five sides (â€Å"penta† meaning five), and so on. Most of the polygons you’ll see on the SAT (though not all) will either be triangles or some sort of quadrilateral. Triangles in all their forms are covered in our complete guide to SAT triangles, so let’s look at the various types of quadrilaterals you’ll see on the test. With polygons, you may notice that many definitions will fit inside other definitions. Quadrilaterals There are many different types of quadrilaterals, most of which are subcategories of one another. Parallelogram A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which each set of opposite sides is both parallel and congruent (equal) with one another. The length may be different than the width, but both widths will be equal and both lengths will be equal. Parallelograms are peculiar in that their opposite angles will be equal and their adjacent angles will be supplementary (meaning any two adjacent angles will add up to 180 degrees). Rectangle A rectangle is a special kind of parallelogram in which each angle is 90 degrees. The rectangle’s length and width can either be equal or different from one another. Square If a rectangle has an equal length and width, it is called a square. This means that a square is a type of rectangle (which in turn is a type of parallelogram), but NOT all rectangles are squares. Rhombus A rhombus is a type of parallelogram in which all four sides are equal and the angles can be any measure (so long as their adjacents add up to 180 degrees and their opposite angles are equal). Just as a square is a type of rectangle, but not all rectangles are squares, a rhombus is a type of parallelogram (but not all parallelograms are rhombuses). Trapezoid A trapezoid is a quadrilateral that has only one set of parallel sides. The other two sides are non-parallel. Kite A kite is a quadrilateral that has two pairs of equal sides that meet one another. And here come the formulas- mwahaha! Polygon Formulas Though there are many different types of polygons, their rules and formulas build off of a few simple basic ideas. Let’s go through the list. Area Formulas Most polygon questions on the SAT will ask you to find the area or the perimeter of a figure. These will be the most important area formulas for you to remember on the test. Area of a Triangle $$(1/2)bh$$ The area of a triangle will always be half the amount of the base times the height. In a right triangle, the height will be equal to one of the legs. In any other type of triangle, you must drop down your own height, perpendicular from the vertex of the triangle to the base. Area of a Square $$l^2 \or {lw}$$ Because each side of a square is equal, you can find the area by either multiplying the length times the width or simply by squaring one of the sides. Area of a Rectangle $$lw$$ For any rectangle that is not a square, you must always multiply the base times the height to find the area. Area of a Parallelogram $$bh$$ Finding the area of a parallelogram is exactly the same as finding the area of a rectangle. Because a parallelogram may slant to the side, we say we must use its base and its height (instead of its length and width), but the principle is the same. You can see why the two actions are equal if you were to transform your parallelogram into a rectangle by dropping down straight heights and shifting the base. Area of a Trapezoid $$[(l_1+l_2)/2]h$$ In order to find the area of a trapezoid, you must find the average of the two parallel bases and multiply this by the height of the trapezoid. Now let's look at an example: In the figure, WXYZ is a rectangle with $\ov{WA} = \ov{BZ} = 4$. The area of the shaded region is 32. What is the length of $\ov{XY}$? [Note: figure not to scale] A. 6B. 8C. 12D. 16E. 20 First, let us fill in our given information. Our shaded figure is a trapezoid, so let us use the formula for finding the area of a trapezoid. area $=[(l_1+l_2)/2]h$ Now if we call the longest base q, the shortest base will be $q−4−4$, or $q−8$. (Why? Because the shortest leg is equal to the longest leg minus our two given lengths of 4). This means we can now plug in our values for the leg lengths. In addition, we are also given a height and an area, so we can plug all of our values into the formula in order to find the length of our longest side, q. $32=[(q+(q−8))/2]2$ $32=(2q+2q−16)/2$ $64=4q−16$ $80=4q$ $20=q$ The length of $\ov{XY}$ (which we designated $q$) is 20. Our final answer is E, 20. In general, the best way to find the area of different kinds of polygons is to transform the polygon into smaller and more manageable shapes. This will also help you if you forget your formulas come test day. For example, if you forget the formula for the area of a trapezoid, turn your trapezoid into a rectangle and two triangles and find the area for each. Let us look to how to solve the above problem using this method instead. We are told that the area of the trapezoid is 32. We also know that we can find the area of a triangle by using the formula ${1/2}bh$. So let us find the areas for both our triangles. ${1/2}bh$ ${1/2}(4)(2)$ ${1/2}8$ $4$ Each triangle is worth 8, so together, both triangles will be: $4+4$ $8$ Now if we add the area of our triangles to our given area of the trapezoid, we can see that the area of our full rectangle is: $32+8$ $40$ Finally, we know that we find the area of a rectangle by multiplying the length times the width. We have a given width of 2, so the length will be: $40=lw$ $40=2l$ 20=l The length of the rectangle (line $\ov{XY}$) will be 20. Again, our final answer is E, 20. Always remember that there are many different ways to find what you need, so don’t be afraid to use your shortcuts! Whichever solving path you choose depends on how you like to work best. Angle Formulas Whether your polygon is regular or irregular, the sum of its interior degrees will always follow the rules of that particular polygon. Every polygon has a different degree sum, but this sum will be consistent, no matter how irregular the polygon. For example, the interior angles of a triangle will always equal 180 degrees (to see more on this, be sure to check out our guide to SAT triangles), whether the triangle is equilateral (a regular polygon), isosceles, acute, or obtuse. All of these triangles will have a total interior degree measure of 180 degrees. So by that same notion, the interior angles of a quadrilateral- whether kite, square, trapezoid, or other- will always add up to be 360 degrees. Why? Because a quadrilateral is made up of two triangles. For example: One interior angle of a parallelogram is 65 degrees. If the remaining angles have measures of $a$, $b$ and $c$, what is the value of $a+b+c$? All quadrilaterals have an interior degree sum of 360, so: $a+b+c+65=360$ $a+b+c=295$ The sum of $\bi a, \bi b$, and $\bi c$ is 295. Interior Angle Sum You will always be able to find the sum of a polygon’s interior angles in one of two ways- by memorizing the interior angle formula, or by dividing your polygon into a series of triangles. Method 1: Interior Angle Formula $$(n−2)180$$ If you have an $n$ number of sides in your polygon, you can always find the interior degree sum by the formula $(n−2)$ times 180 degrees. If you picture starting from one angle and drawing connecting lines to every other angle to make triangles, you can see why this formula has an $n−2$. The reason being that you cannot make a triangle by using the immediate two connecting sides that make up the angle- each would simply be a straight line. To see this in action, let us look at our second method. Method 2: Dividing Your Polygon Into Triangles The reason the above formula works is because you are essentially dividing your polygon into a series of triangles. Because a triangle is always 180 degrees, you can multiply the number of triangles by 180 to find the interior degree sum of your polygon, whether your polygon is regular or irregular. Individual Interior Angles If your polygon is regular, you will also be able to find the individual degree measure of each interior angle by dividing the degree sum by the number of angles. (Note: $n$ can be used for both the number of sides and the number of angles; the number of sides and angles in a polygon will always be equal.) $${(n−2)180}/n$$ Again, you can choose to either use the formula or the triangle dividing method by dividing your interior sum by the number of angles. Angles, angler fish...same thing, right? Side Formulas As we saw earlier, a regular polygon will have all equal side lengths. And if your polygon is regular, you can find the number of sides by using the reverse of the formula for finding angle measures. A regular polygon with n sides has equal angles of 120 degrees. How many sides does the figure have? 3 4 5 6 7 For this question, it will be quickest for us to use our answers and work backwards in order to find the number of sides in our polygon. (For more on how to use the plugging in answers technique, check out our guide to plugging in answers). Let us start at the middle with answer choice C. We know from our angle formula (or by making triangles out of our polygons) that a five sided figure will have: $(n−2)180$ $(5−2)180$ $(3)180$ $540$ degrees. Or again, you can always find your degree sum by making triangles out of your polygon. This way you will still end up with $(3)180=540$ degrees. Now, we also know that this is a regular polygon, so each interior angle will be this same. This means we can find the individual angles by dividing the total by the number of sides/angles. So let us find the individual degree measures by dividing that sum by the number of angles. $540/5=108$ Answer choice C was too small. And we also know that the more sides a figure has, the larger each individual angle will be. This means we can cross off answer choices A and B (60 degrees and 90 degrees, respectively), as those answers would be even smaller. Now let us try answer choice D. $(n−2)180$ $(6−2)180$ $(4)180$ $720$ Or you could find your internal degree sum by once again making triangles from your polygons. Which would again give you $(4)180=720$ degrees. Now let’s divide the degree sum by the number of sides. $720/6=120$ We have found our answer. The figure has 6 sides. Our final answer is D, 6. Luckily for us, the SAT is predictable. You don't need a psychic to figure out what you're likely to see come test day. Typical Polygon Questions Now that we’ve been through all of our polygon rules and formulas, let’s look at a few different types of polygon questions you’ll see on the SAT. Almost all polygon questions will involve a diagram in some way (especially if the question involves any polygon with four or more sides). The few problems that do not use a diagram will generally be simple word problems involving rectangles. Typically, you will be asked to find one of three things in a polygon question: #1: The measure of an angle (or the sum of two or more angles)#2: The perimeter of a figure#3: The area of a figure Let’s look at a few real SAT math examples of these different types of questions. The Measure of an Angle: Because this hexagon is regular, we can find the degree measure of each of its interior angles. We saw earlier that we can find this degree measure by either using our interior angle formula or by dividing our figure into triangles. A hexagon can be split into 4 triangles, so $180 °*4=720$ degrees. There are 6 interior angles in a hexagon, and in a regular hexagon, these will all be equal. So: $720/6=120$ Now the line BO is at the center of the figure, so it bisects the interior angle CBA. The angle CBA is 120, which means that angle $x$ will be: $120/2=60$ Angle $x$ is 60 degrees. Our final answer is B, 60. The Perimeter of a Figure: We are told that ABCE is a square with the area of 1. We know that we find the area of a square by multiplying the length and the width (or by squaring one side), which means that: $lw=1$ This means that: $l=1$ And, $w=1$ We also know that every side is equal in a square. This means that $\ov{AB}, \ov{BC}, \ov{CE}, and \ov{AE}$ are ALL equal to 1. We are also told that CED is an equilateral triangle, which means that each side length is equal. Since we know that $\ov{CE} = 1$, we know that $\ov{CD}$ and $\ov{DE}$ both equal 1 as well. So the perimeter of the polygon as a whole- which is made of lines $\ov{AB}, \ov{BC}, \ov{CD}, \ov{DE}, and \ov{EA}$- is equal to: $1+1+1+1+1=5$ Our final answer is B, 5. [Note: don't get tricked into picking answer choice C! Even though each line in the figure is worth 1 and there are 6 lines, line $\ov{CE}$ is NOT part of the perimeter. This is an answer choice designed to bait you, so be careful to always answer only what the question asks.) The Area of a Figure: We are told that the length of the rug is 8 feet and that the length is also 2 feet more than the width. This means that the width must be: $8−2=6$ Now we also know that we find the area of a rectangle by multiplying width and length. So: $8*6=48$ The area of the rug is 48 square feet. Our final answer is B, 48. And now time for some practical how-to's, from tying a bow to solving your polygon questions. How to Solve a Polygon Question Now that we’ve seen the typical kinds of questions you’ll be asked on the SAT and gone through the process of finding our answers, we can see that each solving method has a few techniques in common. In order to solve your polygon problems most accurately and efficiently, take note of these strategies: #1: Break up figures into smaller shapes Don’t be afraid to write all over your diagrams. Polygons are complicated figures, so always break them into small pieces when you can. Break them apart into triangles, squares, or rectangles and you’ll be able to solve questions that would be impossible to figure out otherwise. Alternatively, you may need to expand your figures by providing extra lines and creating new shapes in which to break your figure. Just always remember to disregard these false lines when you’re finished with the problem. Because this is an awkward shape, let us create a new line and break the figure into two triangles. Next, let us replace our given information. From our definitions, we know that every triangle will have interior angles that add up to 180 degrees. We also know that the two angles we created will be equal. We can use this information to find the missing, equal, angle measures by subtracting our givens from 180 degrees. $180−30−20−20$ $110$ Now, we can divide that number in half to find the measurement of each of the two equal angles. $110/2$ $55$ Now, we can look at the smaller triangle as its own independent triangle in order to find the measure of angle z. Again, the interior angles will measure out to 180 degrees, so: $180−55−55$ $70$ Angle $z$ is 70 degrees. Our final answer is B, 70. #2: Use your shortcuts If you don’t feel comfortable memorizing formulas or if you are worried about getting them wrong on test day, don’t worry about it! Just understand your shortcuts (for example, remember that all polygons can be broken into triangles) and you’ll do just fine. #3: When possible, use PIA or PIN Because polygons involve a lot of data, it can be very easy to confuse your numbers or lose track of the path you need to go down to solve the problem. For this reason, it can often help you to use either the plugging in answer strategy (PIA) or the plugging in numbers strategy (PIN), even though it can sometimes take longer (for more on this, check out our guides to PIA and PIN). #4: Keep your work organized There is a lot of information to keep track of when working with polygons (especially once you break the figure into smaller shapes). It can be all too easy to lose your place or to mix-up your numbers, so be extra vigilant about your organization and don’t let yourself lose a well-earned point due to careless error. Ready? Test Your Knowledge Now it's time to test your knowledge with real SAT math problems. 1. 2. 3. Answers: D, B, 6.5 Answer Explanations 1. Again, when dealing with polygons, it's useful to break them into smaller pieces. For this trapezoid, let us break the figure into a rectangle and a triangle by dropping down a height at a 90 degree angle. This will give us a rectangle, which means that we will be able to fill in the missing lengths. Now, we can also find the final missing length for the leg of the triangle. Since this is a right triangle, we can use the Pythagorean theorem. $a^2+b^2=c^2$ $x^2+15^2=17^2$ $x^2+225=289$ $x^2=64$ $x=8$ Finally, let us add up all the lines that make up the perimeter of the trapezoid. $17+20+15+20+8$ $80$ Our final answer is D, 80. 2. We are told that the larger polygon has equal sides and equal angles. We can also see that the shaded figure has 4 sides and angles, which means it is a quadrilateral. We know that a quadrilateral has 360 degrees, so let us subtract our givens from 360. $x+y=80$ $360−80=280$ Again, we know that the polygon has all equal angles, so we can find the individual degree measures by dividing this found number in half. $280/2=140$ Each interior angle of the polygon will have 140 degrees. Now, we can find the number of sides by either reversing our polygon side formula or by plugging in answers. Let's look at both methods. Method 1: Formula $${(n−2)180}/n$$ We know that this formula gives us the measure of each interior angle, so let us use the knowledge of our individual interior angle (our found 140 degrees) and plug it in to find n, the number of sides. $140={(n−2)180}/n$ $140n=(n−2)180$ $140n=180n−360$ $−40n=−360$ $n=9$ Our polygon has 9 sides. Our answer is B, 9. Method 2: Plugging in answers We can also use our method of plugging in answers to find the number of sides in our polygon. As always, let us select answer option C. Answer choice C gives us 8 sides. We know that a polygon with eight sides will be broken into 6 triangles. So it will have: $180*6$ $1080$ degrees total Now, if we divide this total by the number of sides, we get: $1080/8$ $135$ Each interior angle will be 135 degrees. This answer is close, but not quite what we want. We also know that the more sides a regular polygon has, the larger each interior angle measure will be (an equilateral triangle's angles are each 60 degrees, a rectangle's angles are each 90 degrees, and so on), so we need to pick a polygon with more than 8 sides. Let us then try answer choice B, 9 sides. We know that a 9-sided polygon will be made from 7 triangles. This means that the total interior degree measure will be: $180*7$ $1260$ And we know that each angle measure will be equal, so: $1260/9$ $140$ We have found our correct answer- a 9-sided polygon will have individual angle measures of 140 degrees. Our final answer is B, nine. 3. Let us begin by breaking up our figure into smaller, more manageable polygons. We know that the larger rectangle will have an area of: $2*1$ $2$ The smaller rectangle will have an area of: $1*x$ $x$ (Note: we are using $x$ in place of one of the smaller sides of the small rectangles, since we do not yet know its length) We are told that the total area is $9/4$, so: $2+x=9/4$ $x=9/4−2$ $x=9/4−8/4$ $x=1/4$ Now that we know the length of x, we can find the perimeter of the whole figure. Let us add all of the lengths of our exposed sides to find our perimeter. $1+2+1+0.25+1+0.25+1$ $6.5$ Our perimeter is $6.5.$ Our final answer is 6.5. I think you deserve a present for pushing through on polygons, don't you? The Take Aways Though polygon questions may seem complicated, all polygons follow just a handful of rules. You may come across irregular polygons and ones with many sides, but the basic strategies and formulas will apply regardless. So long as you follow your solve steps, keep your work well organized, and remember your key definitions, you will be able to take on and solve polygon questions that once seemed utterly obscure. What’s Next? Phew! You knocked out polygons and now it's time to make sure the rest of your math know-how is in top shape. First, make sure you have working knowledge of all the math topics on the SAT so that you can get a sense of your strengths and weaknesses. Next, find more topic-specific SAT math guides like this one so that you can turn those weak areas into strengths. Need to brush up on your probability questions? Fractions and ratios? Lines and angles? No matter what topic you need, we've got you covered. Running out of time on the SAT math? Look to our guide on how to best boost your time (and your score!). Worried about test day? Take a look at how you should prepare for the actual day in question. Want to get a perfect score? 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